Articles

Polyhydramnios is the accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid. It can be caused by congenital anomalies, maternal diabetes, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, congenital infections, and fetal hydrops. However, about two-thirds of all cases of polyhydramnios are idiopathic which means that the cause is

Postcoital bleeding is bleeding that occurs during or after sexual intercourse. Causes of postcoital bleeding include vaginal dryness, vaginal tears, cervical ectropion (condition in which the canal of the cervix is turned inside out and the fragile cells are exposed), cervical polyps (growths that extend

Posterm pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that has reached or extended beyond 42 weeks gestation. Late-term pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy that has reached between 41 weeks 0 days and 41 weeks 6 days gestation. Risk factors for postterm pregnancy include a history of prior postterm pregnancy,

Postmenopausal bleeding is any vaginal bleeding that occurs after a patient has entered menopause, which is the point in time 12 months after a woman's last period. Because one of the primary signs of endometrial cancer is postmenopausal bleeding, it is important that this symptom be evaluated. It is

A spinal headache is one that occurs after accidental puncture of the dura (tough membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord) with an epidural needle. This can occur after placement of an epidural or spinal for anesthesia. The headache symptom is believed to be caused by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid

Preeclampsia is a serious condition diagnosed after 20 weeks gestation in patients with new onset of high blood pressure, evidence of protein in the urine, signs and symptoms, and possibly abnormal laboratory findings. It is further classified as either preeclampsia without severe features (also known

When the membranes rupture and there is leakage of amniotic fluid before the start of contractions, this is called premature rupture of membranes (PROM). When this occurs at term, the vast majority of women will deliver within 24 hours of membrane rupture. When this occurs in a preterm pregnancy, depending

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is also known as premenstrual dysphoria and is thought to occur in 3-5% of reproductive-age women. It is characterized by cognitive, mood, and physical disturbances. Cognitive symptoms include poor concentration or confusion. Mood disturbances include irritability, mood swings,